Alumni Update Email

Sunday, November 8, 2026

More professions & careers needed for professional networking . Alumni, please sign-up to be a Docent.

This week the KSTUAA Chapter Advisory Council (CAC) assigned over 70 Alumni Docents to members of our Chapter. 

However, certain Alumni were assigned more than one undergraduate member because we don't have enough Docents to cover the demand and variety of requests. Alumni are asked to sign up here: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/ZB37YGQ   

The Alumni Docent program was created in 2021 by the KSTUAA Chapter Advisory Council (CAC) to match a new member with an alumnus based on career and industry interests. At the time 91% of the colony members rated “Professional/Alumni Networking” as a “High priority.” This interest remains very strong 5 years later.

The Alumnus responsibilities are small. Its starts with just taking a phone call. After introductions alumni are aske to share from their experience, connections and offer ideas that might be helpful. There is no commitment for more, but in many cases the member and alumnus might reach out once or twice a year to check in.

We need more alumni to sign up!

While over 120 alumni (10%) who have volunteered to be a professional mentor through the program we estimate needing another 100 alumni to cover all the requests for the high demand careers for instance in Finance related professions and the diversity of fields not yet well represented such as health and medicine, analytics and sports adjacent careers. 

The chart below shows the areas of interest from the last two years (4 pledge classes.) - Click images to enlarge.  


The following tables show how current members and our alumni database match up in majors and home addresses.

The "Alumni Docent" program administered by the KSTUAA Chapter Advisory Council (CAC) in what might be the first of its kind in its proactive matching for all members.  Additional  information about the program including a helpful FAQ can be found in our 2022 post.

A list of alumni that have signed up is below.  About 20 alumni have already retired and another 50 are likely to retire with the next 10 years so the list needs to be built out with younger alumni to keep it relevant to todays members. 

Hall Of Fame & Homecoming bring alumni, undergraduates and great weather together  

2026 Hall of Fame Inductees surrounded by Alumni and undergraduate members

Great weather greeted alumni returning to Oxford on September 26 for Homecoming Weekend. Undergraduates of Theta-Upsilon Chapter welcomed alumni from multiple eras and locales with donuts, coffee and warm hospitality at the Shoe Box in the morning.  

While numerous alumni traveled in for the Hall of Fame ceremony from various parts of the state, TUHC Board members took the prize for distance with TUHC president, Matthew Smith IC '87 traveling in from London, England and TUHC/KSTUAA Treasurer, Jim Lewis IC '74 driving in from Virginia for the event and the TUHC Annual meeting!

Four members of the KSTUAA Chapter Advisory Council met with the EC Saturday morning for a strategic check-in. 

Four members of the KSTUAA Board were also present including president Clay Hunt IC '90 who kicked off the HOF presentation with an update about the upcoming 60th Anniversary celebration April 30-May 2.  Brother Hunt's presentation was followed by a Chapter update from Grand Master, Ryan Bowyer (a little tired and horse from a late night!)   

The HOF Induction program was kicked off by the HOF Chairman, Rick Sippola IC '85 and featured remarks and stories by 2026 inductees James C. Puccio IC '82 and Chris Ferritto IC '91. Almost 20 alumni traveled in to be part of this honor. A brief Q&A session followed the awards and speeches and featured some very memorable and humorus stories!

A tailgate lunch at the chapter house followed paid for by the Chapter and KSTUAA. After, some alumni watched Miami prevail before heading uptown.

Thank you to the alumni that have signed up to be Alumni Docents

We need more alumni to cover the demand and variety of requests. Please sign up today: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/ZB37YGQ   

1967
Christopher Collins
Bob Coons
Tom Wenning

1968
No one yet

1969
Gary Olmon

1970
No one yet

1971
Rick Kennedy

1972
Dave Vuicich
Craig Stichtenoth

1973
John Jahoda

1974
Joel Benson
Mark Cross
Louis Isakoff
Jim Lewis
William (Bill) Nicolai

1975
John Wilson

1976 - 1977
No one yet

1978
David Ciochetty

1979
Jeff Van Treese

1980
John Cassanos
Jay Cavender
Dyke Davies Mort

1981
David Brinkman
Chris Hanessian

1982
Terry Maggard
Brad Mikes
James C. Puccio

1983
Mark Gates
Peter Kanistros
Carter Ledbetter
David Mirolli
Mark Rowland
Charlie Wonderlic

1984
David Chambers

1985
Ed Bennett
Wes Bren
Richard Cuneo
Troy Davis
Chris Elder
John Henry
Christopher Scocos
Rick Sippola

1986
Doug Baker
Dave Bouve
Jeff Brown
Matthew Garvic
Mike McNally
Rob Miller
Scott Richardson
Larry Rosinski
Michael Schoedinger

1987
David Buckley
Mark J Heppner
Ed Kessler
Mark Loisel
Jim McGonagle
Jeffrey Meek
James Rimmel
Tim Ruppelli
Thomas Sarty
Steve Siple
Matthew Smith
Jon Stevens
Joseph Turner
Nathan Varnum
Lane Williams

1988
Jeffrey B Anderson
Joseph Bial
Frazer Donaldson
Mark W Eckman
Steve Hughes
Craig Izzo
John McCarley
Eric Peiffer
Matt Weaver

1989
Jeff Aluotto
David Batch
Jeff Bieber
Guy Bradley
Chris Broome
Barrett East
Chad Hague
Patrick Reedy
Rob Robinson
Kyle Sisk

1990
Greg Adler
Preston Belding
Erik Christman
Jim Eglseder
Tim Storer

1991
Michael Darkoch
Brian Eckman
Chris Ferritto
Tyge Fourtner
Tim Moerschel
Brian Olah
Patrick Surdy

1992
Tom Clarke
Colin Donovan
Christian Essman
Chad D Gibson
Shawn Isham
Chuck Smolky
Chris Veneklasen
Robb Warren
Steve Wolgemuth

1993
No one yet

1994
Matt Dixon
Michael Duffy
Jeff Kotalik
Michael Kucera
Andrew Zuchowski

1995
Jason Kimmel
Brad Vornholt

1996
Chris O’Brien

1997- 1998
No one yet

1999
Dace de la Foret

2000
Nick Griffith

2001- 2009
No one yet

2010
Kurt Jacobsma

2011
George Charles
Evan Hogenkamp
Greg McCarthy

2012-2016
No one yet

2022
Wes Atkinson
Abdul Avdiu
Luke King
Karim Sammouri
Kyle Zevchik
Nathan Zobrist

2023
Jack Cumming

Tuesday, October 27, 2026

Rain fail to stop 2026 Fricker Cup in Cleveland!

Click photos to see full size

Rain, flat tires and hangovers were unable to stop this years participants from delivering another exciting tournament!

The 12th annual Fricker Cup teed off on a rainy Saturday, September 12 at Shawnee Hills Golf Course in Bedford, Ohio, with tee times starting at 11:00 AM. Nobody went home early and the rain stopped by the turn and blue skies and a warm afternoon welcomed competitors on the back nine in the 2-man scramble format. 

Thirty-six alumni mostly from 1985-1990 and 2022-2024 competed in this years event. Special recognition was given to Patrick Miller IC '22 who overcame a flat tire, a long and expensive Uber to reach the course .  

Scores captured in the GolfGenius app allowed players to see who was in the lead and how many strokes back each team was.

Brothers Ed Kessler IC ‘87 and Jon Stevens IC ‘87 took the Fricker Cup with a net score of 66, 5 under par, beating out Jeff Meek IC '87 and Mike Schoedinger IC '86 by one stroke and Tim Storer IC'90 and Dave Batch IC '90 by two strokes. 

Kessler and Stevens finished tied for fourth at 6 under a year ago in Columbus. This win means Stevens joins a unique club of only 15 alumni that can now hold the Fricker Cup without invoking the Curse of Fricker! For Kessler it’s his second time winning, having secured his name on the trophy back in 2021, meaning he joins a unique group of only five alumni that have won more than once!  

Course prize winners included:

  • Closest to the pin: Dave Bouve IC '86
  • Closest to the pin par 3: Ed Kessler IC '87 
  • Longest drive: Michael Schoedinger IC '86
  • Longest putt: Craig Izzo IC '87 


Brother Bouve shares the tale of Patrick Millers ordeal getting to the tournament.

The hit the green Split the Pot contest raised $390 for Chapter scholarships. Tim Storer's name was pulled from only 4 players that stuck the green on #15. Brother Storer was kind of enough to donate his winnings back to KSTUAA for the TUHC Water Softener Project. Thanks to Brothers Dave Vuicich IC ‘72 and Dave Brinkman IC ‘80 for their help managing the contest!

Friday at the Corner Alley. KSTUAA hosted its traditional alumni gathering Friday, September 11 at The Corner Alley in downtown Cleveland, open to all Theta-Upsilon alumni whether or not they played golf. Almost 30 alumni attended with KSTUAA covering the appetizers (your annual dues at work.)

Almost 30 Theta-Upsilon Alumni fellowshipped together Friday night at the Corner Alley before the tournament.

Highlighting what is unique about Theta-Upsilon Alumni!... Al Higgins IC'67... the "first" member of the colony in 1964-67, talking with Quinn Sippola the first member of the rechartering colony 2019-2022, with Dave Vuicich from the early 70's and Dave Bouve mid 80s in the photo. AEKDB for 59 years!

This year’s event was planned by the Fricker Cup Planning & Rules Committee: John Henry IC ‘85, Dave Bouve IC ‘86, Brad Flinders IC ‘86, Brian Harding IC ‘86, Ed Kessler IC ‘87, Jeff Meek IC ‘87, and Frazer Donaldson IC ‘88. Last year's co-winner Jacob Mileski IC ‘22 also agreed to join the planning committee and provided this year's photos from the #1 tee box despite being kept out very late by some strategic competitors.

Brothers caught the first half of the OSU vs Texas
game at the Winking Lizard after the tournament

This is the second time the Fricker Cup has been played in the Cleveland areas. Fun fact: the beloved and despised Eddie Fricker Switcheroo Card was first introduced at the 2016 Fricker Cup in Cleveland. Its first use came from Brother Scott Hamilton, who traded a first drive that he shanked left off the first tee for a beautiful drive from the eventual winner, Brother Dave Ledman partnered with Rick Sippola. The first Fricker Cup was played at Hueston Woods near Oxford in 2014. 

Next year’s event is planned for the 60th Anniversary reunion in Oxford on April 30. Check the Fricker Cup page for details.

 Meek, Schoedinger; Flinders & Bouve
Bren, Rimmel; T. Lunt, R. Sippola

Mileski; Thompson; Storer, Batch

Kessler, Dawson, Stevens, M. Lunt

Eckman, Izzo; Varnum, Loisel

Wilson, Zobrist; Johnson, K. Sippola

Q. Sippola, Szykowny, Binkley, McGonagle

Richardson, Hughes, Ebling, Henry





Monday, August 31, 2026

Join us for two Alumni events in September. HOF Nominations to close early for 60th Anniversary.

Hall of Fame nominations for the 60th Anniversary induction are due September 30. 

While nominations for our Chapter's Hall of Fame can be made at anytime of the year with this form, the Nominating committee will be closing down nominations September 30 so vetting and voting can be performed this Fall in advance of the 60th Anniversary Celebration in April 2027.

Nominations from previous years remain in the database for consideration until the Alumnus withdraws or if he is inducted.  

To see the list of alumni who have been inducted see the Hall of Fame page from the link on the right. The link to the nomination form can be found at the bottom of that page.

Only members in good-standing with the Kappa Sigma Fraternity can be considered.  See the list of Former Members at the right for the names of members that have resigned or were expelled.

Two opportunities for Alumni to meet in September 

We would love to see you at our last in person events of the year!  KSTUAA sponsors a happy hour Friday, September 11 the night to kick-off Fricker Cup weekend.  Later in the month is the Hall of Fame Induction on Homecoming Weekend (September 26.) 

These are the last two in person events scheduled by KSTUAA until the big 60th Anniversary Celebration April 30 - May 2!




  
  

Saturday, July 11, 2026

KSTUAA releases 60th Anniversary Hotel Information


The KSTUAA Communication and Events Committee, chaired by Brother Brad Mikes IC '82 has released the dates and hotel block information for the 60th anniversary celebration of the founding of the Theta-Upsilon Chapter (April 1, 1967.) 

Every 5 years, KSTUAA organizes an impressive weekend celebration as alumni gather from the four corners of the globe to celebrate and enjoy the fellowship of a Friend & Brother!

Alumni are asked to save the date: Friday, April 30 - May 2, 2027. 

The 2027 event will feature all the previous year highlights including the Fricker Cup, multiple receptions, a ritual meeting including a model initiation and explanatory lecture and a Celestial remembrance service, banquet and the Hall of Fame inductions.

Alumni are asked to make their Hotel reservations now so that we can further extend the number of rooms in our Hotel blocks. The information is located on the "60th Anniversary Celebration" page (see link to the right.)  Additional details including event registration forms will be published in October so check back monthly.

We are currently adding people to the Planning Committee.

  • IC 1967-72 Looking for for an alumnus
  • IC 1974 - James Lewis, KSTUAA Board Member
  • IC 1977-79 Looking for for an alumnus
  • IC 1982 Brad Mikes, KSTUAA Board Member
  • IC 1985 Wes Bren, Event Chair.  KSTUAA Board Member, DGM
  • IC 1992 Shawn Isham, KSTUAA Board Member
  • IC 1994-98  Looking for for an alumnus
  • IC 1999 Dace de la Foret 
  • IC 2001-09  Looking for for an alumnus
  • IC 2010 Kurt Jacobsma 
  • IC 2022 Brian Schmidt, KSTUAA Board Member

Brothers Garvic and Varnum elected to KSTUAA Board at Annual Meeting

Board welcomes Matt Garvic IC '86 and welcomes back Nathan Varnum IC '87

The Kappa Sigma Theta-Upsilon Alumni Association held its annual meeting including elections on June 13 during Miami Alumni Weekend. Board Members reelected to a two year term included Brad Mikes IC ’82, Wes Bren IC ’85, Shawn Isham IC ’92, and Emmett Jones IC ’22 and elected for his first term Matt Garvic IC ’86 and for a return to duty Nathan Varnum IC ’87. Brother Varnum served on the Board from 2012-2020, and served on the CAC last year. 

Stepping down after Fourteen Years on the Board:

Stepping down from the board are two founding Board members you have served since 2012:  Chris Elder IC ’85 who served as KSTUAA Treasurer from 2012-2019 and Mike McNally IC ’86 who has helped plan multiple Open House weekends. Clay Hunt, president of KSTUAA expressed his sincere appreciation and thanks of the board for their long service and contributions.  

The board then re-elected Clay Hunt as president, Jim Lewis as Treasurer and Patrick Reedy as Vice-president and elected Brian Schmidt as secretary.

Additional details about the board can be found on the "About KSTUAA" page.

Sunday, June 7, 2026

Generosity of 120 Alumni supports multiple projects as KSTUAA closes the books on FY26

Theta-Upsilon alumni from almost every eras donated money to support our Fraternity, Chapter and Alumni Association.  

The Kappa Sigma Theta-Upsilon Alumni Association (KSTUAA) collected $13,370 in event fees (Fricker Cup, Super Bowl Squares and Cossa Challenge) annual dues ($25) and donations this year. 

Major expenditures included the Fricker Cup ($4,818), The Homecoming / Hall of Fame Induction ($2,468) Prizes for Super Bowl and Cossa ($731) and over $350 in PayPal and Venmo fees and Alumni Weekend Open House ($200).  

KSTUAA also hosted the 4th annual Senior Appreciation and Welcome to Alumni Status Event (see the photo below) and sent flowers on behalf of the Fraternity to the family of through our Memorial Fund.  The CAC also sent gift cards and a hand written note to thank each of the volunteers serving our Chapter ($150.)   

KSTUAA also asked alumni to donate to to the Theta Upsilon Housing Company to purchase badly needed Water Softeners. Oxford water is notoriously hard and the calcium reports will cause premature expenses to anything that has water flowing through it!   We recruited five alumni to donate $5000 as a matching gift and so far have collect $2000 in donations. We are $3000 short of the match!  The total cost for equipment and installation is expected to be $25,000, so we need alumni to step up to help close the gap. See the link above for more info. 

As always, KSTUAA President, Clay Hunt and Treasurer extraordinaire, Jim Lewis is happy to answer your questions and provide more details if needed. 

The biggest areas of donation this fiscal year, over $38,000 was to the Kappa Sigma Endowment Fund!   

The largest portion of donations were made to support the expansion of the the Kappa Sigma Headquarters in Charlottesville as part of the Legacy at the Lawn Campaign which has raised $10 Million of its $15 million goal and during December's FIVE Campaign when our Alumni reached our Chapter's $5000 goal!   Brother Emmett Jones IC '22 served as the Chapter's ambassador rallied over 20 Brothers from the Rechartering class of 2022 to donate $500 for a SAJ Plaza paver. Meanwhile the Pledge Class of 1985 rallied to raise $2500 to be able to place "snausages" on the naming plate of a "Theater Chair" in the new Snowberger auditorium.  Brothers Michael Schoedinger IC' 86 and Rob Miller IC' 86 rounded out our Five Campaign Giving with SAJ Plaza paver donations. Earlier in the summer, Brother Chris Broome IC '89 made a significant donation to cover our Chapter Archive and a Legacy Locker.  District Grand Master, Wes Bren IC' 85 also donated during the Grand Conclave to the Grand Master Legacy wall.   

The next significant area of donations was for our Chapter's Scholarship Fund during the annual Stephen Alonzo Jackson Weekend of Giving.  This year's total was $15,842 was helped by the generosity of  4 brothers who created $4000 in matching gifts thanks to Brothers Jim Lewis IC '74, Wes Bren IC '85, Michael Schoedinger IC '86 and Clay Hunt IC '90.  If you are interested in providing a challenge match in this year's campaign, contact Wes Bren, District Grand Master. 

In addition, Brother Jim Lewis contributed to his Jackson's Man balance and made the Jackson's Chapter Contribution for the Chapter, and Kappa Sigma Volunteers, Dave Brinkman, Jay Cavender, Ed Bennett, Wes Bren, Emmett Jones Fernando Romero, Luke King, Nathan Zobrist added to the total through their Kappa Sigma Annual dues ($55.)

Almost half of this year's donations came from alumni initiated in the eighties with the next largest group being the our most recent alumni!     

  • 1967-69: 8 alumni donated
  • 1970-79: 5 alumni donated, 1 for the first time
  • 1980-89: 58 alumni donated, 1 for the first time
  • 1990-99: 22 alumni donated, 6 for the first time
  • 2000-2009: no alumni donated
  • 2010-2017: 2 alumnus donated for the first time
  • 2022: 25 alumni donated! 15 for the first time!
The donations above reflect donations made not only to KSTUAA (501-c-7) they also include donations made to the Kappa Sigma Endowment Fund (a tax-deductible 501-c-3 entity) mostly during Stephen Alonzo Jackson Weekend of Giving. 

KSTUAA maintains a positive reserve sufficient to fund next year's events and an anticipated mailing in support of our 60th Anniversary in the Spring of 2027!         

Thank you to all the Alumni who donated during 2026 Fiscal Year!!! 
(June 1, 2025-May 31, 2026 - 59th year)
** indicates an Alumnus that has also given in previous years

Light Green indicates dues or donation to KSTUAA or KSTUAA Project.
Grey indicates donation to the Kappa Sigma Endowment Fund etc. but that KSTUAA dues were not paid.  KSTUAA Board voted to display all donations we have information for in our donors page to better reflect the generosity of our alumni.    

Founders Club >$5,000
Jim Lewis '74 ** KSTUAA Board, Treasurer, Housing Company Board, HOF 2022
Wes Bren '85 ** KSTUAA Board, CAC, HOF 2017, DGM
Chris Broome '89 ** CAC, HOF 2024 
  
Chrysoloras Club $2,500-$4,999

Emerald Club $1,000-$2,499 
Bill Slouffman '67 **
Chris Elder '85 ** KSTUAA Board
Robert Miller '86 ** AAA (Wright State Colony)
Michael Schoedinger '86 ** HOF 2000
Jason Rammes '88 ** Housing Company Board
Clay Hunt '90 ** KSTUAA Board, President  
 
Ruby Club $500-$999 
William Broderick '80 ** HOF 2000
Jay Puccio '82 ** CAC 
Rick Sippola '85 ** HOF 2000, HOF Nom Com Chair
Matthew Garvic '86 **
Matthew Smith '87 ** TUHC President
Colin Walker '88
Christopher Veneklasen '92 **
 
Diamond Club $250-$499 
Robert Fete '68 **
Jay Cavender '80 ** CAC, AAA-GS
Scott Hamilton '81 **
Brad Mikes '82 ** KSTUAA Board, HOF 2023
Mark Rowland '83 ** KSTUAA Board 
John Henry '85 ** HOF 2025
David Renz '85 **
Chris Scocos '85 **
David Buckley '87 ** 
Matthew Weaver '88 **
Robb Warren '92 **
  
Star and Crescent Club $100-$249 
Robert Coons '67 **HOF 2023
Alan Higgins '67 ** HOF 2022
Tom Wenning '67 **HOF 2012
Doug Buse '68 ** 
Tim Willis '69 **
David Brinkman '81 ** CAC, HOF 2017, ADGM
Christopher Connolly '81 **
Timothy Solt '81 **
Keith Zurawski '81 ** 
Geoff Aurini '85 **
Ed Bennett '85 **
Mike McNally '86 ** KSTUAA Board
Scott Richardson '86 **
Larry Rosinski '86 **
Ed Kessler '87 ** 
Jeffrey Meek '87 **
Nathan Varnum '87 **
Craig Izzo '88 ** CAC, HOF 2025 
Bill Beringer '89 **
Guy Bradley '89 **
Aaron Ort '89 **
Robert Merkle '90 **
Tim Storer '90 **
Patrick Hallagan '91
Brian Olah '91 **
Patrick Surdy '91 **
Shawn Isham '92 ** KSTUAA Board
Ryan Rubin '97
Cole Condon '98 
Emmitt Jones '22 ** KSTUAA Board, DGM South Texas
Grant Szykowny '22 **
   
Caduceus Club $26-99
George Duffield '67 **
Craig Stichtenoth '72 **
Bob Biederrman '76 
Jim Cary '77 **
Mark Heppner '87 **
Scott Phillips '87 ** 
Joe Turner '87 **
Jeffrey Slovak '88 **
Patrick Reedy '89 ** KSTUAA Board, HOF 2017
Brad Storts '89 **
Preston Belding '90 **
Jonathan Frankmann '91 **
Robert Dittrich '92 ** 
Ryan Egli '98
Michael Kuhnell '98
Luke Massey '98 
Joseph Pesci '98 
Abdul Avdiu '22 ** KSTUAA Board
Zachary Clemons '22
Mark Colavita '22
Cole Davis '22
Ryan Heuser '22 
Ryan Hood '22 **
Luke King '22 AAA-GP
Charles McGrew '22 ** 
Kian Metcalfe '22
Patrick Miller '22
Jake Mumper '22
Fernando Romero '22 ** CAC, AAA-GMC (OSU)
Brian Schmidt '22 KSTUAA Board
Kirt Sippola '22
Quinn Sippola '22 **
Will Stout '22 **
Chase Talbott '22 
John Taylor '22
Nathan Zobrist '22 ** AAA-GP    
  
Member $25
Mark Cross '74 **
Lou Antonelli '81 ** HOF 2012
Michael White '84 **
Dave Bouve '86 **
Brad Flinders '86 **
Brian Harding '86 **
Mark Loisel '87 **
James McGonagle '87 **
Tim Ruppelli '87 **
Jonathan Stevens '87 **
Frazer Donaldson '88 **
Kurt Ebling '88 **
Steve Hughes '88 **
Ed Kendall '89 **
Daniel Rich '89 **
Daniel Wehrman '90 **
David Torborg '93 ** 
Matthew Dixon '94 ** AAA (OU)
Andrew Zuchowski '94 ** AA (OU) 
Paul Lynch '11
Daniel Yoho '11
Tanner Thompson '22
Kyle Zevchik '22
Cody Payne '24 
 
Other Donations
Edward Bash '81 **
Hunter Arthurs '22 ** CAC 


KSTUAA Chapter Advisory Council hosts the 4th Annual Senior Appreciation and Welcome to Alumni Status Event

KSTUAA hosted the 4th Annual Senior Appreciation and Welcome to Alumni Status event on April 19 at the Pinball Garage in Hamilton, Ohio.
Brother James C. Puccio organized the event that included nine of the graduating seniors. The purpose of the event is to thank the soon to graduate seniors for keeping Theta-Upsilon growing and to encourage them to be involved as Kappa Sigmas for life!  

Alumni and volunteers included Jay Cavender (AAA & CAC) The Party Bro (CAC), Chris Ferritto and Wes Bren (DGM, KSTUAA, CAC).